Big lenders begin to find stable ground

The financial markets expect the Fed to lower rates by half of a percentage point when it meets at the end of the month. Further rate cuts are expected through June. "The markets are beginning to believe the Fed gets it," says Mr. Kotok.

Even longer-term interest rates are coming down. Mortgage rates have hit their lowest level in two years.

In the first week of January, mortgage applications rose more than 30 percent over the previous week. "There seems to be some pent-up demand," says Knapp.

This week, financial analysts will watch the earnings reports of many financial institutions. Merrill Lynch, American Express, and other banks have already indicated they expect to take large losses.

"They are writing off years of earnings in some cases," says Mr. Kleintop, who says it's important the financial institutions write off their bad loans quickly. "The Japanese kept all their bad loans on their books, and so they were unable to make new loans. So they went through a decade-long recession," he recalls. "You are better off making it quick and painful instead of long and slow."

To replace capital, many banks are courting foreign investors. "There is nearly $1 trillion in sovereign government funds," says Mr. Dickson. "Some of those funds will be used to launch minority stakes in these firms."

In fact, foreign governments have already invested $27 billion in financial institutions, according to The Wall Street Journal. Some of the new funds are from Asian governments such as Singapore, and some are from the Middle East, where governments are flush with oil revenue.

"There has been some consternation in Washington from the more nationalistic folks, but Treasury Secretary [Henry] Paulson says it's good to have the money, and I agree with that," says Knapp.

Yet another indication that the markets are improving is the interest-rate differential between the federal funds rate, which is the rate that banks lend one another money in the US, and LIBOR (London interbank offered rate), which is a global measure of bank lending. This past fall, when banks reported losses on subprime loans, banks became very wary of lending to one another. The LIBOR rate skyrocketed from a normal five basis points to 75 basis points over the fed funds rate. After massive liquidity injections by the Fed and the European Central Bank, it has now returned to the pre-August level.

"It appears there is some level of comfort coming back to the markets," says Dickson.

Despite the improvement, challenges still lie ahead, analysts point out. "Does the economy deteriorate into a recession?" asks Dickson.

For one, the housing crisis is far from over, analysts note. In the next 12 months, the interest rates on some 1 million adjustable-rate mortgages will be reset higher. Some banks have agreed to make adjustments to prevent foreclosures, but many homeowners will receive higher bills.

"Housing is going to take a bit longer to recover with all the inventory and shadow inventory [people who would like to sell their homes but are holding them off the market]," says Kleintop. "Housing is not coming back for some time."

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