Can Obama boost cause for Afro-Latinos?

"These have been important conquests, even if Afro-Colombians have not yet had an important political impact," says Carlos Rosero, an activist in Colombia. "We have had more impact on issues such as land rights. We need more strategic coordination to address the day-to-day issues."

But the challenges are daunting. In Brazil, while Afro-Latinos comprise about 45 percent of the population, they make up 69 percent of the extremely poor. Poverty rates for Afro-Ecuadorians, who make up between 5 and 10 percent of the population, are much higher than the rest of the population – 90 percent compared with 62 percent overall. Only 17.2 percent have access to basic services such as running water and phones.

Many Afro-Bolivians say racism remains a part of daily life. Mario Medina, a resident of La Paz, says it takes many forms, but the one he notices most often is on the football field. "They'll say, hey, Juan, pass the ball. But to me they say, hey, 'negrito.' "

"They used to think we were only good for hard work, soccer, and dancing," says Ms. Inofuentes.

But that is starting to change. Groups are starting to work together across the region, especially on issues such as census recognition. And even in countries with small black populations, many feel a new era has arrived.

"Now a political consciousness has been awakened," says Inofuentes. "We are pushing for our rights and political recognition."

The activist movement in Bolivia began about 20 year ago as a cultural movement: preserving their music and dance called saya. On a recent evening in La Paz, a hip clientele crowded around a group of Afro-Bolivians beating drums and swirling in circles – a clear sign that their culture has been embraced by mainstream Bolivia.

Afro-Bolivians descend from slaves brought from Angola and Congo in the 16th century. They were sent to the mines of Bolivia and later the sugar plantations in the Yungas Valley, a semitropical region about three hours from La Paz. Today there are communities across the country, as many have migrated to cities for jobs, but the largest concentration is in these valleys. Leaders estimate their population to be about 30,000.

In Tocaña, perched on a verdant mountain, there are just 30 families. It has long been isolated. Potable water and electricity came just seven years ago. There is one elementary school, and a health clinic staffed on Saturdays only. Most have cellphones, but they prefer to call out to one another up and down the mountain.

Residents, who chop wood to heat their ovens, work fields of coca and citrus during the day. At night the town comes alive, with soccer matches and children playing outside the single Catholic church.

As in other countries, the gains made by the indigenous here – in 2006 Bolivia elected its first indigenous president, Evo Morales – have inspired black activism. As the indigenous pushed forward for demands to rewrite the Constitution, Afro-Bolivians saw an opportunity to promote their own causes.

"We realized we had to be represented in the Constitution," says Juan Vasquez, the community leader of Tocaña. Now they have won that, their next battle will be specific inclusion in Bolivia's next census.

"For years they just considered us Aymara because we live in the midst of the indigenous," Mr. Vasques says. "Now that is changing. We have recuperated our self-esteem as black descendants."

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