Two graveyards are nearly all that is left of this Maya Indian village in the highlands - and they frame locals' views of the Guatemalan military.

Authorities declared an entire hillside a graveyard last week when they gave up the search for dozens of poor villagers buried in a mudslide triggered by hurricane Stan's rains. The other cemetary, whose gravestones stick out of the mud, contains the bodies of 13 locals killed in a 1990 massacre perpetrated by the Guatemalan army.

This and numerous other abuses committed here during the country's 36-year long armed conflict has left locals with an acute distrust for government security forces. So they were wary when troops showed up after the mudslides to offer assistance to the victims.

"People are scared because of what the army did here in the past," said Manuel Sisay Sapalu, former mayor of Santiago Atitlán, the municipality that includes Panabaj.

The Guatemalan military took steps toward mitigating those fears while playing a key role in responding to the disaster provoked by Stan, which forced over 140,000 Guatemalans to evacuate their homes. At least 663 people have died in Guatemala as a result of floods and mudslides provoked by the hurricane.

But at a time when military aid has been crucial for relief efforts in recent natural disasters from the Gulf Coast of the US to Pakistan, governments and citizens of affected areas are increasingly faced with questions as to the limits of appropriate military action. How long should the military stay? Should troops take a more active police role?

Questions like these were tackled at a two-day meeting of defense and security ministers from seven Central American countries and the US in Key Biscayne, Florida last week. With the recent devastation of parts of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and other Central American countries fresh in their minds, the ministers - including US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld - agreed to speed up plans for a rapid reaction force for use in disaster relief efforts, and discussed the possibility of creating a joint force to battle crime and narcoterrorism.

"I think coordinating disaster response is a good idea," says Joy Olson, executive director of the Washington Office on Latin America. This issue is separate, she clarified, from the idea of creating a rapid response force to deal with regional security threats.

"Where the [Guatemalan army] most helps us is in terms of transportation," says Benedicto Giron, spokesman for the National Disaster Reduction Coordinator, the government's disaster-response unit. Military helicopters, planes, and trucks are being used to deliver emergency food and supplies to populations affected by the storm.

Two-thirds of the country's army personnel have been directly involved in disaster relief for the past two weeks, according to army spokesperson Colonel Jorge Antonio Ortega Gaytán. Nine helicopters on loan from the US Southern Command are also being used in relief efforts.

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