Surprise refugee arrival in Korea

The largest single group of defectors from North Korea, 230 people, arrived in South Korea Tuesday by jumbo jet from Vietnam - and Wednesday another 220 are expected to make the same journey, according to sources in Seoul.

The flights to safety for the 450 refugees are regarded as a breakthrough by activists and human rights sources in Asia, though it does not necessarily auger any kind of mass migration from a society as controlled as the North, or from China where many now live hide-and-seek lives. Moreover, South Korea's official acceptance of their kinfolk appeared to be agreed upon only after the numbers of refugees in Vietnam rose too high to ignore.

Still, the level of organization needed to gather so many refugees was a surprise to analysts, and the working out of a deal between Seoul and Hanoi may represent a new channel of release for an outcast group that usually makes it to South Korea in groups of two to 10 people. On the Korean Peninsula, news of such a highly public event is expected to penetrate into the North via the increased number of whispering campaigns and indirect channels of communication, experts say.

In Vietnam, the North Koreans had been living in tent cities for between 45 and 180 days. Most of them escaped from across the Yalu River that divides Korea and China, and most received furtive assistance inside China by a variety of activists, private groups, and hired "brokers" who took them across mountains and borders to Southeast Asia, sources say. [Editor's note: In the original version, Yalu River was incorrectly spelled.]

"I'm thrilled. This is what we've been hoping for," says activist Tim Peters of the group "Helping Hands" in Seoul. "About 400 people with no light at the end of their tunnel have suddenly been given a new life."

Still, the two flights do not represent a change of heart or policy in South Korea, whose government has often been criticized as indifferent to the plight of refugees inside a bordering military dictatorship that has an active system of gulags and prisons.

Rather, the flights appeared to have been arranged after the number of North Korean refugees in Southeast Asian states accumulated so quickly that Seoul officials were told to either accept them or stand by as the refugees were returned to China.

The numbers of North Koreans reaching the South is on the rise in recent years, with 1,285 arriving in 2003 and 760 in the first half of 2004.

To date, the government of China does not give North Korean escapees the status of "refugees" despite manifest testimony of abuse in that country. North Koreans captured in China have been handed back over to police or border guards in their home country, where punishment or retribution towards escapees is often severe.

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