Is biodegradable plastic a big lie?

On Monday, the UN issued a report on the state of plastics in the world's oceans, revealing that the term 'biodegradable plastic' may be a misleading misnomer. 

|
NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center/AP/File
Debris floats in the water in Hanauma Bay, Hawaii. A new UN study states that most biodegradable plastics require high temperatures to break down, a process that is prevented by the ocean's cool temperatures.

Plastics are durable, buoyant, and contribute to pollution, especially in the world's oceans, where they are known for forming massive rafts of plastic such as the Great Garbage Patch in the Pacific. But advances in biodegradable plastics have solved that problem, haven't they?

Maybe not, according to a new report by the United Nations, which finds that biodegradable plastics, commonly found in plastic bags and bottles, degrade at extremely slow rates.

According to the report, many biodegradable plastics require extremely high temperatures in order to break down at all, making the ocean an ideal place for so called biodegradable plastic to survive (and pollute) in perpetuity.

"A lot of plastics labelled biodegradable, like shopping bags, will only break down in temperatures of 50C [122 degrees F.] and that is not the ocean," UN Environment Program scientist Jennifer McGlade told The Guardian. "They are also not buoyant, so they're going to sink, so they're not going to be exposed to UV and break down."

Monday's report on plastic in the world's oceans was conducted by the world's top scientists, and funded by the UN. The 179-page report discusses all plastic pollution in the world's oceans, including the causes and effects of plastic pollution, and potential cures for floating plastic debris.

In 2010, around 8 million tons of plastic ended up in the world's oceans, according to a National Geographic article published last year. And that amount only stands to increase as the world's population grows and finds new uses for plastic products.

Affixing the term biodegradable to plastic products could even lead to increased levels of pollution, says the report, as people perceive these plastics as less harmful to the environment than regular plastics.

"Most plastic pollution in the ocean was not properly disposed of. Materials that only biologically degrade at 122 [degrees F.] are compostable but not biodegradable," Ohio State professor Frederick Michel told The Christian Science Monitor by e-mail, saying that the definition of biodegradable is semantically complicated.

"Polyethylene has been shown to biodegrade 0.1% in 10 years in a soil environment," Dr. Michel wrote. "Is it therefore biodegradable? Probably not."

The impact of plastic pollution is clear. Not only are massive rafts of plastic physically unattractive, but their components wreak havoc with ocean ecosystems.

Plastics, the report states, often snag animals like turtles and sharks. And when plastic weathers into smaller and smaller pieces, it can be ingested by birds, fish, and other aquatic wildlife, often killing them.

So what is the answer to our plastic problem, if not the biodegradable plastic we know today?

"To be a part of environmentally conscious organics waste management efforts, materials termed biodegradable should completely degrade to CO2 and materials found in nature during the time frame of a waste management process (two to six months for composting) or one year in the soil environment or ocean," says Michel. "There are specific types of bioplastic that have been demonstrated to be biodegradable under many different conditions."

Earlier this week, the Monitor reported on a beer company that claims to have created biodegradable six pack rings that could also be edible. If the rings are truly biodegradable and not harmful to be ingest, they could be a boon for environmentalists and beverage companies alike. 

Other groups are working on synthesizing fully biodegradable plastics. In 2014, scientists at the Wyss Institute at Harvard developed a fully degradable plastic made from shrimp shells, a product initially called Shriik.

New plastic products and innovation could help change plastic use patterns for the future. Yet, the UN report states, the most important step that countries and individuals must take in the short term to mitigate plastic pollution in the ocean is to dramatically improve waste management and collection practices to keep plastics of any type out of the world's waters in the first place.

You've read  of  free articles. Subscribe to continue.
Real news can be honest, hopeful, credible, constructive.
What is the Monitor difference? Tackling the tough headlines – with humanity. Listening to sources – with respect. Seeing the story that others are missing by reporting what so often gets overlooked: the values that connect us. That’s Monitor reporting – news that changes how you see the world.

Dear Reader,

About a year ago, I happened upon this statement about the Monitor in the Harvard Business Review – under the charming heading of “do things that don’t interest you”:

“Many things that end up” being meaningful, writes social scientist Joseph Grenny, “have come from conference workshops, articles, or online videos that began as a chore and ended with an insight. My work in Kenya, for example, was heavily influenced by a Christian Science Monitor article I had forced myself to read 10 years earlier. Sometimes, we call things ‘boring’ simply because they lie outside the box we are currently in.”

If you were to come up with a punchline to a joke about the Monitor, that would probably be it. We’re seen as being global, fair, insightful, and perhaps a bit too earnest. We’re the bran muffin of journalism.

But you know what? We change lives. And I’m going to argue that we change lives precisely because we force open that too-small box that most human beings think they live in.

The Monitor is a peculiar little publication that’s hard for the world to figure out. We’re run by a church, but we’re not only for church members and we’re not about converting people. We’re known as being fair even as the world becomes as polarized as at any time since the newspaper’s founding in 1908.

We have a mission beyond circulation, we want to bridge divides. We’re about kicking down the door of thought everywhere and saying, “You are bigger and more capable than you realize. And we can prove it.”

If you’re looking for bran muffin journalism, you can subscribe to the Monitor for $15. You’ll get the Monitor Weekly magazine, the Monitor Daily email, and unlimited access to CSMonitor.com.

QR Code to Is biodegradable plastic a big lie?
Read this article in
https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2016/0525/Is-biodegradable-plastic-a-big-lie
QR Code to Subscription page
Start your subscription today
https://www.csmonitor.com/subscribe