Kepler's greatest hits: four strange planetary systems

As the hunt goes on for an Earth-like twin, NASA's Kepler mission has revealed an amazing array of planetary systems. Here are four that hint at the diversity.

4. An off-kilter planetary system

Daniel Huber/NASA/Ames Research Center
The Kepler-56 planetary system features two inner planets orbiting at a severe tilt to their host star -- even though there's no "hot Jupiter" in the system.

Kepler-56, a star some 1,670 light-years away, sports a pair of planets following orbits with a rakish tilt. Typically, planet orbits are aligned with a star's equator, give or take a few degrees. Oddballs exist, but it is unprecedented that both of Kepler-56's confirmed planets are orbiting at a 45-degree tilt.

Why such a large tilt? They could have been born that way if a passing star disturbed Kepler-56's initial protoplanetary disk, astronomers suggest. Or the change could have come after the planets formed, a result of gravitational disturbances from a passing star. Hints of a mystery object much farther out than the two confirmed planets could hold an answer.

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