Breakup of the eurozone would prompt global recession

Respectable voices within mainstream opinion are now concluding that the eurozone may no longer be sustainable. In this emergent view, it would be better for Europe to split up now instead of later when the costs would be much higher. But this view goes too far.

There should be no doubt: If the eurozone totally fragments, Europe also fails as the single market and the European Union may also collapse.

In the short run, fragmentation would be the economic and financial equivalent of a cardiac arrest for Europe. Cross-border flows of goods, services, and capital would be disrupted as currency denomination concerns overwhelm the normal valuation calculus. Large currency mismatches would fuel corporate financial stress and could even give rise to multiple defaults. Unemployment would surge. And the provision of basic financial services, from banking to insurance, would be curtailed, with a high probability of bank runs in the most vulnerable eurozone members.

Controls would proliferate – as the weak economies sought to limit the surge in capital outflows, and as the strong economies resisted excessive inflows. In the process, the very functioning of the common market that underpins the European integration project would be undermined. Balkanization of banks, financial markets, and public debt markets that is already ongoing would be followed by balkanization of trade in goods, services, labor, and capital, and a return to trade and financial protectionism.

Those countries that have been buffeted now by several years of crisis management have limited, if any, internal cushions to absorb new blows. As a result, the economic and financial disruptions would likely fuel social unrest and political dysfunction – further undermining national support for European integration.

While the brunt of the catastrophe would be felt primarily by the weak (formerly peripheral) economies, the stronger (formerly core) countries would also take a substantial hit.

Let us look at each in turn.

In returning to their national currencies, the weaker eurozone economies would stand to regain control of a broader set of policy instruments. As such, they would have greater means to pursue the competitive gains that are essential to restoring their growth dynamics and generating jobs.

But to do so effectively would require deft management of a major currency devaluation. They would thus have to counter significant inflationary pressures and the higher costs of imports, disrupted banking and monetary transmission channels, and soaring risk premiums. And with the whole of Europe disrupted, they would find that the price advantages gained via devaluation risked being eroded by a collapse in regional demand.

Moreover, given currency mismatches, a wide-scale return to national currencies could well involve a string of payment defaults, along with some coercive restructurings and a forced conversion of euro assets into new depreciated national currencies

The issues of regional demand and defaults are also of significance to the stronger economies. Notwithstanding the gains they have made in trade diversification, including a greater reorientation towards emerging countries, a significant amount of their exports are still sold in Europe. This market collapse would come on top of the losses due to rapidly eroding financial claims on the weaker economies defaulting on their euro debts, both directly and via the likely need to recapitalize regional institutions.

Debt restructuring, and even outright defaults, would impair the balance sheets of creditor institutions, increasing their own debt (because they will have the same assets but greater liabilities) and costs of capital. And the AAA rating of Germany and other core eurozone members would also be put at risk.

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