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| Parking lots, like this one in Worcester, Mass., are raising some environmental concerns. Nicole Hill |
He tallies hidden costs of free parking – one space at a time
A researcher is counting parking spaces to determine if America has a surplus.
By Mark Clayton | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitorfrom the September 24, 2007 edition
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Nothing can match America's love affair with the automobile, but a close second might be the parking space.
They're everywhere, wrapped around shopping malls, churches, truck stops – expanses of yellow- and white-striped asphalt as much a part of the American landscape as amber waves of grain or lighted billboards. Now, however, some researchers worry that the United States may have too many parking spaces.
They say it's not worth the sprawl, polluted runoff, and heat generated by these vast lots of concrete and asphalt just to create more automotive resting stations by the Home Depot entrance or the Wal-Mart shopping-cart corral. Anyone who has circled and recircled an airport garage searching for an open spot might beg to differ. But a key problem is that no one really knows how much blacktop real estate is out there.
Enter Bryan Pijanowski, a land-use scientist at Purdue University, who is busy counting the nation's parking spaces.
He hasn't gotten very far yet. Using sophisticated software, he and fellow researcher Amalie Davis count 355,000 off-street, nonresidential parking spaces in his home county of Tippecanoe in Indiana. Even that is an estimate based on aerial photos. Now, Dr. Pijanowski wants to expand his survey nationwide.
"This work is unique and important, quantifying something that's not been quantified before," says Donald Shoup, professor of urban planning at the University of California at Los Angeles, himself a parking guru widely recognized as one of the nation's top researchers in the field.
If Pijanowski can finish his count, then researchers will finally determine whether the United States is suffering a parking surplus.
For Dr. Shoup, the issue is cost. Free parking, he says, doesn't turn out to be so free.
"We all pay for it, not in our role as drivers, but as residents, taxpayers, and customers," says Shoup, who documents the phenomenon in his book "The High Cost of Free Parking." Big parking lots hike building costs and get passed through to the consumer, sometimes through higher rents in their apartment buildings or bigger costs at their grocery stores. "Every place we drive and park free, we really pay for that parking as something other than as a driver," he says.
Others worry about the environmental impact of all that paving.
"We've had a big interest in this area for a while now, but it's not been well studied," says an official with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) who requested anonymity because he did not have permission to speak to the press. "It's the amount of water, the speed and temperature of it pouring off these oceans of asphalt we have in this country, that concern us. And that's not even talking about the contamination washing off all that asphalt."
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