Brazil: Too many bumps in the roads?

Brazil's economy has grown at an average of 2.6 percent per year since the turn of the century. While that growth has been steady, it pales compared with Korea, India, or China, three nations it is most often compared to. During the same period, Korea grew 5.2 percent, India 6.4 percent, and China 9.6 percent, according to World Bank figures. The government is targeting growth of 5 percent with the aid of the PAC.

Lula says that the PAC is the engine to drive growth. No one denies a jump start is needed.

The rail system, for example, needs about $15 billion in immediate investment simply to lay vital track. Brazil transports 30 percent of its goods by rail on 29,000 kilometers (about 18,000 miles) of track, 13,000 kilometers less than it needs, says Rodrigo Vilaca, executive director of the National Association of Rail Transporters.

The country's skies are more dangerous, with radar black spots above the Amazon, old equipment near collapse, and poorly paid air-traffic controllers launching periodic job actions over poor pay, long hours, and lack of leadership.

Ports, especially the country's largest port in Santos, are expensive and inefficient. Long-standing labor problems and traffic congestion cause frequent bottlenecks and cost transporters time and money. And on the ground, where 60 percent of all goods are transported, more than two-thirds of roads are in a "deficient, poor, or terrible" state, says Flavio Benatti, president of the cargo section of the National Confederation of Transporters, an industry lobby group.

The problem with the PAC, Mr. Benatti and other experts say, is not in its goals but in its execution. The majority of the spending is slated to come from private investors, but they are reluctant to invest in South America's biggest nation because its regulatory framework is weak and because regular interference from the government in contracts and planning deters them.

"It is essential to reduce regulatory risk and therefore the cost of capital for ... investments," says Benatti. "If you get risk down and get appropriate contract design and effective regulators, you will get private sector investment."

The PAC includes mechanisms to improve the regulatory environment, but doubt exists over how it will happen. Lula has assured aides there is a rigorous tracking system in place to monitor projects, and has said that he will follow up.

But Benatti speaks for many when he lauds the PAC's goals but questions its effectiveness.

"We hope that this happens and we would be delighted to see these numbers," Benatti says. "For the private sector to invest seriously, the rules need to be clear. The country needs more investment, and the PAC provides for that. If we don't get that, then we won't grow."

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