What's next for Korea's stem-cell research?

The university "should and will set up an office of scientific integrity," says Kim. "Probably all institutions will set up such offices." The result, he believes, "will upgrade the infrastructure and will have real scientific impact."

Analysts agree the level of scientific research in Korea may well improve as a result of the experience with Hwang, though the pall of national and academic humiliation may be difficult to overcome.

"They're trying to keep a stiff upper lip," says David Cyranoski, the Tokyo-based staff correspondent for Nature. "It's been a horrible day for [the university.]" But, he adds, "because this process has been so painful, it may stick more."

Mr. Cyranoski believes one dividend may be "a willingness to question authority" - seen as sorely needed to elevate research here. "They have a lot of really good scientists," he says, "but the level's not high because they focus on manufacturing."

In a coffee shop near the veterinary school where Hwang ran his laboratory, professors talk anonymously about obstacles confronting research and development here.

"One problem is a strict policy on supporting research," says a business school professor. "If the research does not produce results in a certain period, the funds are withdrawn."

That fear may have driven Hwang to want to show ever greater results - even though he knew they were false, some say. "Most of the research is very honest," says another professor, "but funding agents put a lot of pressure on researchers."

Kim denies, though, that the pressure is such that it would spur a brain drain of promising young scientists. Although most want to do graduate work abroad, "all want to come back to Korea," he says. The drawback, he adds, is "we don't have enough positions" for all of them.

Kim says, moreover, that training abroad tends to elevate ethics. In his own faculty, he says, 90 percent of the faculty have studied in the United States and "have the US standard of integrity."

Hwang's veterinary college, says Kim, is "more traditional, more conservative, and more hierarchical," all factors that gave him the power to run his lab free of restraints from peers or subordinates - and to persuade women working in the lab to serve as donors, in violation of ethics regarding stem-cell research.

Kim does not believe, however, that professors and laboratory chiefs abuse their authority that easily.

"We may be more conservative in this country, reflecting our culture," he says, "but we're changing a lot these days" - at a pace that's likely to quicken as prosecutors question how Hwang got so much government funding and won such acclaim before younger colleagues blew the whistle.

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