Marine, insurgent tactics evolve

In Fallujah, US forces now occupy all the city, but they are far from subduing a persistent enemy. While hundreds of insurgents have been killed - among them, officers believe, the majority who were interested in suicide martyr operations - many remain who have proven to be smarter, and don't want to die.

US officers say that insurgent tactics are evolving, just as American ones are too, in response. They say they have found evidence of tunnels connecting houses - a ploy once preferred by Serb snipers in Sarajevo - and even use of the underground sewer system.

Insurgents have fired from behind curtains, to mask the flash of their muzzles. They have used armor-piercing ammunition and advanced sniper rifles.

They have also turned living rooms into machine-gun nests, lying in wait for marines who these days are clearing houses. In recent days, two marines died when they crashed through a front gate to clear a house.

Two more casualties came from another incident, in which insurgents had taken a family hostage. Marines broke in, they say, held their fire because of the family, and then were shot themselves.

Marines now use far more "dynamic" entries, which include using explosives to blow open doors, breaching ladders to scale walls and even to bridge separate houses, and flash-bang and fragmentation grenades to clear rooms.

Some platoons are running short of shotgun shells, because so many doors have been breached with them.

One of the biggest firefights took place when Alpha Company set up a platoon base two doors down from a group of more than 30 insurgents. For two days, the rebels kept their activity hidden and quiet.

"They didn't do a thing until we were on their door," says one officer, about the incident that turned into a noisy gunbattle that killed an estimated 15 insurgents in the eastern section of the city. "They shot, and then ran away. The first chance these guys had to run, they did. They ran down the easiest path."

But finding the safe houses and remaining insurgents has not been easy for the 10,000 US troops in a city of 300,000 residents, nearly all of whom have moved out during hostilities.

Marines say they have found lots of drugs in safe houses, probably amphetamines similar to speed, to keep them awake. Al Qaeda safe houses in Kabul, after the Taliban fell in November 2001, contained such drugs.

"The enemy did not respond, until we knocked on the exact door," says another officer.

But other incidents on this battlefield attest to the amateur nature of many insurgents. In one case, 40 or so insurgents gathered and ran openly down a street, with weapons slung on their backs.

When they hid in a building, US forces didn't hesitate: They destroyed the whole building.

"We've go to get inside their heads," one officer told fellow commanders. "Tactics are evolving, ours and theirs. We've killed those who want to die, and the stupid ones. Now they are smart. And want to live."

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