Commutes get longer, more rural

Americans are spending more time than ever getting to work. But don't blame longer commutes on big cities or crowded suburbs. The biggest jumps are coming from places that barely qualify for a stoplight.

Places like West Virginia.

During the 1990s, the typical West Virginia commute rose from 21 minutes to 26.2 minutes. That's the biggest percentage increase of the 41 states for which the Census Bureau has released data so far. West Virginians in 2000 spent on average six seconds more getting to work than residents of Silicon Valley did – and two minutes more than the average Connecticut commuter.

How about Vermont? People in that rural state saw their commuting times rise 20 percent during the 1990s, nearly double the increase of Houston.

Such figures point to sobering trends for America's transportation future. For starters, it represents a huge waste of time. The Texas Transportation Institute estimates that traffic congestion costs the US an estimated $78 billion in lost productivity and wasted fuel every year. Despite these costs, America's love affair with the automobile is growing more ardent than ever, census figures suggest.

Not only are more workers taking to the road, they're more likely to drive alone and carpool less. Such conventional prescriptions for cutting congestion and oil consumption are being stymied by today's more complex and diffuse traffic patterns.

"Behind those numbers is a decades-long and profound shift in how we define space and how we define mobility," says Robert Lang, director of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech in Alexandria. "It's about the diffusion of commerce, which reduces ... the opportunities to carpool and increases distances."

When the Census Bureau releases its national summary next Tuesday, it will almost certainly show that America's average commute time rose much faster in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In the earlier decade, it rose 42 seconds to break the 22-minute barrier. During the 1990s, data so far suggest a jump of perhaps three minutes or more.

The change, while it may stem in part from new data-gathering methods, is significant. Every extra minute Americans spend going to work means, presumably, at least an extra minute returning home, which translates into more than eight hours of lost time per person in a year – or 450,000 years of lost time for the nation. That's a productivity drain that cellphones and other wireless gear probably haven't made up for.

Stranger than the jump in commuting times is where it's coming from.

Typically, stories of increased commutes conjure up images of harried New Yorkers or Los Angelinos sitting in traffic. And both cities did see already-long commutes grow by more than 3 minutes during the '90s. (New York area residents now have one of the longest commutes in the nation – 40 minutes – although much of that is spent on public transportation.)

So it comes as something of a surprise that those cities' 10 to 12 percent rise in commuting time was dwarfed by North Dakota's rise (up 22 percent).

No one can accuse North Dakota of congestion. The state barely eked out a population gain during the 1990s, and most rural areas lost people. But those rural areas are where the big jump seems to be. Its biggest city, Fargo, reported only a 10 percent rise in commute times.

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